Implement Blogging Platform API with FastAPI and SQLite

- Set up project structure and dependencies
- Create database models for users, posts, comments, and tags
- Set up Alembic for database migrations
- Implement user authentication (register, login)
- Create CRUD endpoints for blog posts, comments, and tags
- Add health check endpoint
- Set up proper error handling
- Update README with project details and setup instructions

README.md

@@ -1,3 +1,169 @@
-# FastAPI Application
+# Blogging Platform API
 
-This is a FastAPI application bootstrapped by BackendIM, the AI-powered backend generation platform.
+A RESTful API for a blogging platform built with FastAPI and SQLite.
+
+## Features
+
+- User authentication (register, login)
+- Blog post management (CRUD operations)
+- Comment system
+- Tag/category support for blog posts
+- Health check endpoint
+- Proper error handling
+- API documentation with Swagger and ReDoc
+
+## Tech Stack
+
+- **FastAPI**: Modern, fast web framework for building APIs with Python
+- **SQLAlchemy**: SQL toolkit and Object-Relational Mapping (ORM)
+- **SQLite**: Lightweight, serverless database
+- **Alembic**: Database migration tool
+- **Pydantic**: Data validation and settings management
+- **JWT**: JSON Web Tokens for authentication
+- **Uvicorn**: ASGI server
+
+## Project Structure
+
+```
+.
+├── alembic.ini
+├── app
+│   ├── api
+│   │   ├── deps.py
+│   │   ├── v1
+│   │   │   ├── api.py
+│   │   │   └── endpoints
+│   │   │       ├── auth.py
+│   │   │       ├── comments.py
+│   │   │       ├── posts.py
+│   │   │       ├── tags.py
+│   │   │       └── users.py
+│   ├── core
+│   │   ├── config.py
+│   │   └── security.py
+│   ├── crud
+│   │   ├── base.py
+│   │   ├── crud_comment.py
+│   │   ├── crud_post.py
+│   │   ├── crud_tag.py
+│   │   └── crud_user.py
+│   ├── db
+│   │   ├── base.py
+│   │   ├── deps.py
+│   │   └── session.py
+│   ├── models
+│   │   ├── comment.py
+│   │   ├── post.py
+│   │   ├── tag.py
+│   │   └── user.py
+│   ├── schemas
+│   │   ├── comment.py
+│   │   ├── post.py
+│   │   ├── tag.py
+│   │   ├── token.py
+│   │   └── user.py
+│   └── utils
+│       └── errors.py
+├── main.py
+├── migrations
+│   ├── env.py
+│   ├── script.py.mako
+│   └── versions
+│       └── 0001_initial_migration.py
+├── requirements.txt
+└── storage
+    └── db
+```
+
+## Setup Instructions
+
+### Prerequisites
+
+- Python 3.8 or higher
+- pip (Python package installer)
+
+### Installation
+
+1. Clone the repository:
+   ```bash
+   git clone <repository-url>
+   cd blogging-platform-api
+   ```
+
+2. Create a virtual environment (optional but recommended):
+   ```bash
+   python -m venv venv
+   source venv/bin/activate  # On Windows: venv\Scripts\activate
+   ```
+
+3. Install dependencies:
+   ```bash
+   pip install -r requirements.txt
+   ```
+
+4. Set up environment variables (optional):
+   Create a `.env` file in the root directory with the following variables:
+   ```
+   SECRET_KEY=your-secret-key
+   ACCESS_TOKEN_EXPIRE_MINUTES=10080  # 7 days
+   ```
+
+5. Run database migrations:
+   ```bash
+   alembic upgrade head
+   ```
+
+### Running the Application
+
+Start the FastAPI server:
+```bash
+uvicorn main:app --reload
+```
+
+The API will be available at `http://localhost:8000`
+
+## API Documentation
+
+- Swagger UI: `http://localhost:8000/docs`
+- ReDoc: `http://localhost:8000/redoc`
+- OpenAPI JSON: `http://localhost:8000/openapi.json`
+
+## API Endpoints
+
+### Authentication
+
+- `POST /api/v1/auth/register`: Register a new user
+- `POST /api/v1/auth/login`: Login and get access token
+
+### Users
+
+- `GET /api/v1/users/me`: Get current user
+- `PUT /api/v1/users/me`: Update current user
+
+### Blog Posts
+
+- `GET /api/v1/posts`: List posts
+- `POST /api/v1/posts`: Create a new post
+- `GET /api/v1/posts/{id}`: Get a post by ID
+- `PUT /api/v1/posts/{id}`: Update a post
+- `DELETE /api/v1/posts/{id}`: Delete a post
+
+### Comments
+
+- `GET /api/v1/comments`: List comments
+- `POST /api/v1/comments`: Create a new comment
+- `GET /api/v1/comments/{id}`: Get a comment by ID
+- `PUT /api/v1/comments/{id}`: Update a comment
+- `DELETE /api/v1/comments/{id}`: Delete a comment
+
+### Tags
+
+- `GET /api/v1/tags`: List tags
+- `POST /api/v1/tags`: Create a new tag
+- `GET /api/v1/tags/{id}`: Get a tag by ID
+- `PUT /api/v1/tags/{id}`: Update a tag
+- `DELETE /api/v1/tags/{id}`: Delete a tag
+
+### Health Check
+
+- `GET /health`: Check if the API is up and running

alembic.ini

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+# A generic, single database configuration.
+
+[alembic]
+# path to migration scripts
+script_location = migrations
+
+# template used to generate migration files
+# file_template = %%(rev)s_%%(slug)s
+
+# timezone to use when rendering the date
+# within the migration file as well as the filename.
+# string value is passed to dateutil.tz.gettz()
+# leave blank for localtime
+# timezone =
+
+# max length of characters to apply to the
+# "slug" field
+# truncate_slug_length = 40
+
+# set to 'true' to run the environment during
+# the 'revision' command, regardless of autogenerate
+# revision_environment = false
+
+# set to 'true' to allow .pyc and .pyo files without
+# a source .py file to be detected as revisions in the
+# versions/ directory
+# sourceless = false
+
+# version location specification; this defaults
+# to migrations/versions.  When using multiple version
+# directories, initial revisions must be specified with --version-path
+# version_locations = %(here)s/bar %(here)s/bat migrations/versions
+
+# the output encoding used when revision files
+# are written from script.py.mako
+# output_encoding = utf-8
+
+# SQLite URL example
+sqlalchemy.url = sqlite:////app/storage/db/db.sqlite
+
+[post_write_hooks]
+# post_write_hooks defines scripts or Python functions that are run
+# on newly generated revision scripts.  See the documentation for further
+# detail and examples
+
+# format using "black" - use the console_scripts runner, against the "black" entrypoint
+# hooks=black
+# black.type=console_scripts
+# black.entrypoint=black
+# black.options=-l 79
+
+# Logging configuration
+[loggers]
+keys = root,sqlalchemy,alembic
+
+[handlers]
+keys = console
+
+[formatters]
+keys = generic
+
+[logger_root]
+level = WARN
+handlers = console
+qualname =
+
+[logger_sqlalchemy]
+level = WARN
+handlers =
+qualname = sqlalchemy.engine
+
+[logger_alembic]
+level = INFO
+handlers =
+qualname = alembic
+
+[handler_console]
+class = StreamHandler
+args = (sys.stderr,)
+level = NOTSET
+formatter = generic
+
+[formatter_generic]
+format = %(levelname)-5.5s [%(name)s] %(message)s
+datefmt = %H:%M:%S

app/api/deps.py

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+
+from app.db.deps import get_db as db_get_db
+from app.db.deps import get_current_user as db_get_current_user
+from app.db.deps import get_current_active_user as db_get_current_active_user
+
+# Re-export dependencies from app.db.deps
+get_db = db_get_db
+get_current_user = db_get_current_user
+get_current_active_user = db_get_current_active_user

app/api/v1/api.py

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+from fastapi import APIRouter
+
+from app.api.v1.endpoints import auth, users, posts, comments, tags
+
+api_router = APIRouter()
+
+api_router.include_router(auth.router, prefix="/auth", tags=["auth"])
+api_router.include_router(users.router, prefix="/users", tags=["users"])
+api_router.include_router(posts.router, prefix="/posts", tags=["posts"])
+api_router.include_router(comments.router, prefix="/comments", tags=["comments"])
+api_router.include_router(tags.router, prefix="/tags", tags=["tags"])

app/api/v1/endpoints/auth.py

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+from datetime import timedelta
+from typing import Any
+
+from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException, status
+from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordRequestForm
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from app import crud
+from app.api import deps
+from app.core import security
+from app.core.config import settings
+from app.schemas.token import Token
+from app.schemas.user import User, UserCreate
+
+router = APIRouter()
+
+
+@router.post("/register", response_model=User)
+def register(
+    *,
+    db: Session = Depends(deps.get_db),
+    user_in: UserCreate,
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Register a new user.
+    """
+    user = crud.user.get_by_email(db, email=user_in.email)
+    if user:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST,
+            detail="A user with this email already exists",
+        )
+    
+    user = crud.user.get_by_username(db, username=user_in.username)
+    if user:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST,
+            detail="A user with this username already exists",
+        )
+    
+    user = crud.user.create(db, obj_in=user_in)
+    return user
+
+
+@router.post("/login", response_model=Token)
+def login_access_token(
+    db: Session = Depends(deps.get_db),
+    form_data: OAuth2PasswordRequestForm = Depends(),
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    OAuth2 compatible token login, get an access token for future requests.
+    """
+    user = crud.user.authenticate(
+        db, email=form_data.username, password=form_data.password
+    )
+    if not user:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
+            detail="Incorrect email or password",
+        )
+    if not crud.user.is_active(user):
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST, detail="Inactive user"
+        )
+    
+    access_token_expires = timedelta(minutes=settings.ACCESS_TOKEN_EXPIRE_MINUTES)
+    
+    return {
+        "access_token": security.create_access_token(
+            user.id, expires_delta=access_token_expires
+        ),
+        "token_type": "bearer",
+    }

app/api/v1/endpoints/comments.py

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+from typing import Any, List
+
+from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException, Query, status
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from app import crud
+from app.api import deps
+from app.models.user import User
+from app.schemas.comment import Comment, CommentCreate, CommentUpdate
+
+router = APIRouter()
+
+
+@router.get("/", response_model=List[Comment])
+def read_comments(
+    db: Session = Depends(deps.get_db),
+    skip: int = 0,
+    limit: int = 100,
+    post_id: int = Query(None, description="Filter comments by post_id"),
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Retrieve comments.
+    """
+    if post_id:
+        comments = crud.comment.get_multi_by_post(
+            db, post_id=post_id, skip=skip, limit=limit
+        )
+    else:
+        comments = crud.comment.get_multi_with_author(db, skip=skip, limit=limit)
+    return comments
+
+
+@router.post("/", response_model=Comment)
+def create_comment(
+    *,
+    db: Session = Depends(deps.get_db),
+    comment_in: CommentCreate,
+    current_user: User = Depends(deps.get_current_active_user),
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Create new comment.
+    """
+    # Check if post exists
+    post = crud.post.get(db=db, id=comment_in.post_id)
+    if not post:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND,
+            detail="Post not found",
+        )
+    
+    comment = crud.comment.create_with_author(
+        db=db, obj_in=comment_in, author_id=current_user.id
+    )
+    return crud.comment.get_with_author(db=db, id=comment.id)
+
+
+@router.get("/{id}", response_model=Comment)
+def read_comment(
+    *,
+    db: Session = Depends(deps.get_db),
+    id: int,
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Get comment by ID.
+    """
+    comment = crud.comment.get_with_author(db=db, id=id)
+    if not comment:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND, detail="Comment not found"
+        )
+    return comment
+
+
+@router.put("/{id}", response_model=Comment)
+def update_comment(
+    *,
+    db: Session = Depends(deps.get_db),
+    id: int,
+    comment_in: CommentUpdate,
+    current_user: User = Depends(deps.get_current_active_user),
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Update a comment.
+    """
+    comment = crud.comment.get(db=db, id=id)
+    if not comment:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND, detail="Comment not found"
+        )
+    if comment.author_id != current_user.id:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN,
+            detail="Not enough permissions to update this comment",
+        )
+    comment = crud.comment.update(db=db, db_obj=comment, obj_in=comment_in)
+    return crud.comment.get_with_author(db=db, id=comment.id)
+
+
+@router.delete("/{id}", status_code=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT, response_model=None)
+def delete_comment(
+    *,
+    db: Session = Depends(deps.get_db),
+    id: int,
+    current_user: User = Depends(deps.get_current_active_user),
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Delete a comment.
+    """
+    comment = crud.comment.get(db=db, id=id)
+    if not comment:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND, detail="Comment not found"
+        )
+    if comment.author_id != current_user.id:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN,
+            detail="Not enough permissions to delete this comment",
+        )
+    crud.comment.remove(db=db, id=id)
+    return None

app/api/v1/endpoints/posts.py

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+from typing import Any, List, Optional
+
+from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException, status
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from app import crud
+from app.api import deps
+from app.models.user import User
+from app.schemas.post import Post, PostCreate, PostUpdate
+
+router = APIRouter()
+
+
+@router.get("/", response_model=List[Post])
+def read_posts(
+    db: Session = Depends(deps.get_db),
+    skip: int = 0,
+    limit: int = 100,
+    author_id: Optional[int] = None,
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Retrieve posts.
+    """
+    if author_id:
+        posts = crud.post.get_multi_by_author(
+            db, author_id=author_id, skip=skip, limit=limit
+        )
+    else:
+        posts = crud.post.get_multi_with_details(db, skip=skip, limit=limit)
+    return posts
+
+
+@router.post("/", response_model=Post)
+def create_post(
+    *,
+    db: Session = Depends(deps.get_db),
+    post_in: PostCreate,
+    current_user: User = Depends(deps.get_current_active_user),
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Create new post.
+    """
+    post = crud.post.create_with_author(
+        db=db, obj_in=post_in, author_id=current_user.id
+    )
+    return crud.post.get_with_details(db=db, id=post.id)
+
+
+@router.get("/{id}", response_model=Post)
+def read_post(
+    *,
+    db: Session = Depends(deps.get_db),
+    id: int,
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Get post by ID.
+    """
+    post = crud.post.get_with_details(db=db, id=id)
+    if not post:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND, detail="Post not found")
+    return post
+
+
+@router.put("/{id}", response_model=Post)
+def update_post(
+    *,
+    db: Session = Depends(deps.get_db),
+    id: int,
+    post_in: PostUpdate,
+    current_user: User = Depends(deps.get_current_active_user),
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Update a post.
+    """
+    post = crud.post.get(db=db, id=id)
+    if not post:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND, detail="Post not found")
+    if post.author_id != current_user.id:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN,
+            detail="Not enough permissions to update this post",
+        )
+    post = crud.post.update_with_tags(db=db, db_obj=post, obj_in=post_in)
+    return crud.post.get_with_details(db=db, id=post.id)
+
+
+@router.delete("/{id}", status_code=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT, response_model=None)
+def delete_post(
+    *,
+    db: Session = Depends(deps.get_db),
+    id: int,
+    current_user: User = Depends(deps.get_current_active_user),
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Delete a post.
+    """
+    post = crud.post.get(db=db, id=id)
+    if not post:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND, detail="Post not found")
+    if post.author_id != current_user.id:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN,
+            detail="Not enough permissions to delete this post",
+        )
+    crud.post.remove(db=db, id=id)
+    return None

app/api/v1/endpoints/tags.py

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+from typing import Any, List
+
+from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException, status
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from app import crud
+from app.api import deps
+from app.models.user import User
+from app.schemas.tag import Tag, TagCreate, TagUpdate
+
+router = APIRouter()
+
+
+@router.get("/", response_model=List[Tag])
+def read_tags(
+    db: Session = Depends(deps.get_db),
+    skip: int = 0,
+    limit: int = 100,
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Retrieve tags.
+    """
+    tags = crud.tag.get_multi(db, skip=skip, limit=limit)
+    return tags
+
+
+@router.post("/", response_model=Tag)
+def create_tag(
+    *,
+    db: Session = Depends(deps.get_db),
+    tag_in: TagCreate,
+    current_user: User = Depends(deps.get_current_active_user),
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Create new tag.
+    """
+    # Check if tag already exists
+    tag = crud.tag.get_by_name(db=db, name=tag_in.name)
+    if tag:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST,
+            detail="Tag with this name already exists",
+        )
+    
+    tag = crud.tag.create(db=db, obj_in=tag_in)
+    return tag
+
+
+@router.get("/{id}", response_model=Tag)
+def read_tag(
+    *,
+    db: Session = Depends(deps.get_db),
+    id: int,
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Get tag by ID.
+    """
+    tag = crud.tag.get(db=db, id=id)
+    if not tag:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND, detail="Tag not found"
+        )
+    return tag
+
+
+@router.put("/{id}", response_model=Tag)
+def update_tag(
+    *,
+    db: Session = Depends(deps.get_db),
+    id: int,
+    tag_in: TagUpdate,
+    current_user: User = Depends(deps.get_current_active_user),
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Update a tag.
+    """
+    tag = crud.tag.get(db=db, id=id)
+    if not tag:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND, detail="Tag not found"
+        )
+    
+    # Check if new tag name already exists
+    if tag_in.name and tag_in.name != tag.name:
+        existing_tag = crud.tag.get_by_name(db=db, name=tag_in.name)
+        if existing_tag:
+            raise HTTPException(
+                status_code=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST,
+                detail="Tag with this name already exists",
+            )
+    
+    tag = crud.tag.update(db=db, db_obj=tag, obj_in=tag_in)
+    return tag
+
+
+@router.delete("/{id}", status_code=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT, response_model=None)
+def delete_tag(
+    *,
+    db: Session = Depends(deps.get_db),
+    id: int,
+    current_user: User = Depends(deps.get_current_active_user),
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Delete a tag.
+    """
+    tag = crud.tag.get(db=db, id=id)
+    if not tag:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND, detail="Tag not found"
+        )
+    crud.tag.remove(db=db, id=id)
+    return None

app/api/v1/endpoints/users.py

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+from typing import Any
+
+from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException, status
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from app import crud
+from app.api import deps
+from app.models.user import User as UserModel
+from app.schemas.user import User, UserUpdate
+
+router = APIRouter()
+
+
+@router.get("/me", response_model=User)
+def get_current_user(
+    current_user: UserModel = Depends(deps.get_current_active_user),
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Get current user.
+    """
+    return current_user
+
+
+@router.put("/me", response_model=User)
+def update_current_user(
+    *,
+    db: Session = Depends(deps.get_db),
+    user_in: UserUpdate,
+    current_user: UserModel = Depends(deps.get_current_active_user),
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Update current user.
+    """
+    if user_in.username and user_in.username != current_user.username:
+        user = crud.user.get_by_username(db, username=user_in.username)
+        if user:
+            raise HTTPException(
+                status_code=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST,
+                detail="Username already registered",
+            )
+            
+    if user_in.email and user_in.email != current_user.email:
+        user = crud.user.get_by_email(db, email=user_in.email)
+        if user:
+            raise HTTPException(
+                status_code=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST,
+                detail="Email already registered",
+            )
+            
+    user = crud.user.update(db, db_obj=current_user, obj_in=user_in)
+    return user

app/core/config.py

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+from typing import List
+from pydantic_settings import BaseSettings
+from pydantic import AnyHttpUrl, validator
+
+
+class Settings(BaseSettings):
+    API_V1_STR: str = "/api/v1"
+    PROJECT_NAME: str = "Blogging Platform API"
+    
+    # CORS Origins
+    BACKEND_CORS_ORIGINS: List[AnyHttpUrl] = []
+
+    @validator("BACKEND_CORS_ORIGINS", pre=True)
+    def assemble_cors_origins(cls, v: str | List[str]) -> List[str] | str:
+        if isinstance(v, str) and not v.startswith("["):
+            return [i.strip() for i in v.split(",")]
+        elif isinstance(v, (list, str)):
+            return v
+        raise ValueError(v)
+
+    # JWT Secret Key
+    SECRET_KEY: str = "09d25e094faa6ca2556c818166b7a9563b93f7099f6f0f4caa6cf63b88e8d3e7"
+    ALGORITHM: str = "HS256"
+    # 60 minutes * 24 hours * 7 days = 7 days
+    ACCESS_TOKEN_EXPIRE_MINUTES: int = 60 * 24 * 7
+
+    class Config:
+        case_sensitive = True
+        env_file = ".env"
+
+
+settings = Settings()

app/core/security.py

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+from typing import Any, Union
+
+from jose import jwt
+from passlib.context import CryptContext
+
+from app.core.config import settings
+
+pwd_context = CryptContext(schemes=["bcrypt"], deprecated="auto")
+
+
+def create_access_token(
+    subject: Union[str, Any], expires_delta: timedelta = None
+) -> str:
+    """
+    Create a JWT token with the given subject.
+    """
+    if expires_delta:
+        expire = datetime.utcnow() + expires_delta
+    else:
+        expire = datetime.utcnow() + timedelta(
+            minutes=settings.ACCESS_TOKEN_EXPIRE_MINUTES
+        )
+    
+    to_encode = {"exp": expire, "sub": str(subject)}
+    encoded_jwt = jwt.encode(
+        to_encode, settings.SECRET_KEY, algorithm=settings.ALGORITHM
+    )
+    
+    return encoded_jwt
+
+
+def verify_password(plain_password: str, hashed_password: str) -> bool:
+    """
+    Verify a password against a hash.
+    """
+    return pwd_context.verify(plain_password, hashed_password)
+
+
+def get_password_hash(password: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Generate a password hash.
+    """
+    return pwd_context.hash(password)

app/crud/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+from app.crud.crud_user import user
+from app.crud.crud_post import post
+from app.crud.crud_comment import comment
+from app.crud.crud_tag import tag
+
+__all__ = ["user", "post", "comment", "tag"]

app/crud/base.py

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+from typing import Any, Dict, Generic, List, Optional, Type, TypeVar, Union
+
+from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from app.db.session import Base
+
+ModelType = TypeVar("ModelType", bound=Base)
+CreateSchemaType = TypeVar("CreateSchemaType", bound=BaseModel)
+UpdateSchemaType = TypeVar("UpdateSchemaType", bound=BaseModel)
+
+
+class CRUDBase(Generic[ModelType, CreateSchemaType, UpdateSchemaType]):
+    def __init__(self, model: Type[ModelType]):
+        """
+        CRUD object with default methods to Create, Read, Update, Delete (CRUD).
+
+        **Parameters**
+
+        * `model`: A SQLAlchemy model class
+        * `schema`: A Pydantic model (schema) class
+        """
+        self.model = model
+
+    def get(self, db: Session, id: Any) -> Optional[ModelType]:
+        return db.query(self.model).filter(self.model.id == id).first()
+
+    def get_multi(
+        self, db: Session, *, skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100
+    ) -> List[ModelType]:
+        return db.query(self.model).offset(skip).limit(limit).all()
+
+    def create(self, db: Session, *, obj_in: CreateSchemaType) -> ModelType:
+        obj_in_data = jsonable_encoder(obj_in)
+        db_obj = self.model(**obj_in_data)
+        db.add(db_obj)
+        db.commit()
+        db.refresh(db_obj)
+        return db_obj
+
+    def update(
+        self,
+        db: Session,
+        *,
+        db_obj: ModelType,
+        obj_in: Union[UpdateSchemaType, Dict[str, Any]]
+    ) -> ModelType:
+        obj_data = jsonable_encoder(db_obj)
+        if isinstance(obj_in, dict):
+            update_data = obj_in
+        else:
+            update_data = obj_in.model_dump(exclude_unset=True)
+        for field in obj_data:
+            if field in update_data:
+                setattr(db_obj, field, update_data[field])
+        db.add(db_obj)
+        db.commit()
+        db.refresh(db_obj)
+        return db_obj
+
+    def remove(self, db: Session, *, id: int) -> ModelType:
+        obj = db.query(self.model).get(id)
+        db.delete(obj)
+        db.commit()
+        return obj

app/crud/crud_comment.py

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session, joinedload
+
+from app.crud.base import CRUDBase
+from app.models.comment import Comment
+from app.schemas.comment import CommentCreate, CommentUpdate
+
+
+class CRUDComment(CRUDBase[Comment, CommentCreate, CommentUpdate]):
+    def create_with_author(
+        self, db: Session, *, obj_in: CommentCreate, author_id: int
+    ) -> Comment:
+        obj_in_data = obj_in.model_dump()
+        db_obj = Comment(**obj_in_data, author_id=author_id)
+        db.add(db_obj)
+        db.commit()
+        db.refresh(db_obj)
+        return db_obj
+
+    def get_multi_by_author(
+        self, db: Session, *, author_id: int, skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100
+    ) -> List[Comment]:
+        return (
+            db.query(Comment)
+            .filter(Comment.author_id == author_id)
+            .offset(skip)
+            .limit(limit)
+            .all()
+        )
+    
+    def get_multi_by_post(
+        self, db: Session, *, post_id: int, skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100
+    ) -> List[Comment]:
+        return (
+            db.query(Comment)
+            .filter(Comment.post_id == post_id)
+            .offset(skip)
+            .limit(limit)
+            .all()
+        )
+        
+    def get_with_author(self, db: Session, *, id: int) -> Optional[Comment]:
+        return (
+            db.query(Comment)
+            .options(joinedload(Comment.author))
+            .filter(Comment.id == id)
+            .first()
+        )
+        
+    def get_multi_with_author(
+        self, db: Session, *, skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100
+    ) -> List[Comment]:
+        return (
+            db.query(Comment)
+            .options(joinedload(Comment.author))
+            .offset(skip)
+            .limit(limit)
+            .all()
+        )
+
+
+comment = CRUDComment(Comment)

app/crud/crud_post.py

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session, joinedload
+
+from app.crud.base import CRUDBase
+from app.models.post import Post
+from app.models.tag import Tag
+from app.schemas.post import PostCreate, PostUpdate
+
+
+class CRUDPost(CRUDBase[Post, PostCreate, PostUpdate]):
+    def create_with_author(
+        self, db: Session, *, obj_in: PostCreate, author_id: int
+    ) -> Post:
+        obj_in_data = obj_in.model_dump()
+        tag_ids = obj_in_data.pop("tag_ids", [])
+        db_obj = Post(**obj_in_data, author_id=author_id)
+        
+        # Add tags if provided
+        if tag_ids:
+            tags = db.query(Tag).filter(Tag.id.in_(tag_ids)).all()
+            db_obj.tags = tags
+            
+        db.add(db_obj)
+        db.commit()
+        db.refresh(db_obj)
+        return db_obj
+
+    def get_multi_by_author(
+        self, db: Session, *, author_id: int, skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100
+    ) -> List[Post]:
+        return (
+            db.query(Post)
+            .filter(Post.author_id == author_id)
+            .offset(skip)
+            .limit(limit)
+            .all()
+        )
+        
+    def get_with_details(self, db: Session, *, id: int) -> Optional[Post]:
+        return (
+            db.query(Post)
+            .options(joinedload(Post.author), joinedload(Post.tags))
+            .filter(Post.id == id)
+            .first()
+        )
+        
+    def get_multi_with_details(
+        self, db: Session, *, skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100
+    ) -> List[Post]:
+        return (
+            db.query(Post)
+            .options(joinedload(Post.author), joinedload(Post.tags))
+            .offset(skip)
+            .limit(limit)
+            .all()
+        )
+
+    def update_with_tags(
+        self, db: Session, *, db_obj: Post, obj_in: PostUpdate
+    ) -> Post:
+        obj_in_data = obj_in.model_dump(exclude_unset=True)
+        tag_ids = obj_in_data.pop("tag_ids", None)
+        
+        # Update basic fields
+        for field in obj_in_data:
+            setattr(db_obj, field, obj_in_data[field])
+            
+        # Update tags if provided
+        if tag_ids is not None:
+            tags = db.query(Tag).filter(Tag.id.in_(tag_ids)).all()
+            db_obj.tags = tags
+            
+        db.add(db_obj)
+        db.commit()
+        db.refresh(db_obj)
+        return db_obj
+
+
+post = CRUDPost(Post)

app/crud/crud_tag.py

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from app.crud.base import CRUDBase
+from app.models.tag import Tag
+from app.schemas.tag import TagCreate, TagUpdate
+
+
+class CRUDTag(CRUDBase[Tag, TagCreate, TagUpdate]):
+    def get_by_name(self, db: Session, *, name: str) -> Optional[Tag]:
+        return db.query(Tag).filter(Tag.name == name).first()
+
+    def get_multi_by_names(
+        self, db: Session, *, names: List[str]
+    ) -> List[Tag]:
+        return db.query(Tag).filter(Tag.name.in_(names)).all()
+
+
+tag = CRUDTag(Tag)

app/crud/crud_user.py

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Union
+
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from app.core.security import get_password_hash, verify_password
+from app.crud.base import CRUDBase
+from app.models.user import User
+from app.schemas.user import UserCreate, UserUpdate
+
+
+class CRUDUser(CRUDBase[User, UserCreate, UserUpdate]):
+    def get_by_email(self, db: Session, *, email: str) -> Optional[User]:
+        return db.query(User).filter(User.email == email).first()
+
+    def get_by_username(self, db: Session, *, username: str) -> Optional[User]:
+        return db.query(User).filter(User.username == username).first()
+
+    def create(self, db: Session, *, obj_in: UserCreate) -> User:
+        db_obj = User(
+            email=obj_in.email,
+            username=obj_in.username,
+            hashed_password=get_password_hash(obj_in.password),
+            is_active=obj_in.is_active,
+        )
+        db.add(db_obj)
+        db.commit()
+        db.refresh(db_obj)
+        return db_obj
+
+    def update(
+        self, db: Session, *, db_obj: User, obj_in: Union[UserUpdate, Dict[str, Any]]
+    ) -> User:
+        if isinstance(obj_in, dict):
+            update_data = obj_in
+        else:
+            update_data = obj_in.model_dump(exclude_unset=True)
+        if update_data.get("password"):
+            hashed_password = get_password_hash(update_data["password"])
+            del update_data["password"]
+            update_data["hashed_password"] = hashed_password
+        return super().update(db, db_obj=db_obj, obj_in=update_data)
+
+    def authenticate(self, db: Session, *, email: str, password: str) -> Optional[User]:
+        user = self.get_by_email(db, email=email)
+        if not user:
+            return None
+        if not verify_password(password, user.hashed_password):
+            return None
+        return user
+
+    def is_active(self, user: User) -> bool:
+        return user.is_active
+
+
+user = CRUDUser(User)

app/db/base.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# Import all the models, so that Base has them before being
+# imported by Alembic

app/db/deps.py

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+from typing import Generator
+
+from fastapi import Depends, HTTPException, status
+from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordBearer
+from jose import jwt, JWTError
+from pydantic import ValidationError
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from app.core.config import settings
+from app.db.session import SessionLocal
+from app.models.user import User
+from app.schemas.token import TokenPayload
+
+oauth2_scheme = OAuth2PasswordBearer(tokenUrl=f"{settings.API_V1_STR}/auth/login")
+
+
+def get_db() -> Generator:
+    """
+    Dependency for getting a database session.
+    """
+    db = SessionLocal()
+    try:
+        yield db
+    finally:
+        db.close()
+
+
+def get_current_user(
+    db: Session = Depends(get_db), token: str = Depends(oauth2_scheme)
+) -> User:
+    """
+    Validate the access token and return the current user.
+    """
+    try:
+        payload = jwt.decode(
+            token, settings.SECRET_KEY, algorithms=[settings.ALGORITHM]
+        )
+        token_data = TokenPayload(**payload)
+    except (JWTError, ValidationError):
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN,
+            detail="Could not validate credentials",
+        )
+    
+    user = db.query(User).filter(User.id == token_data.sub).first()
+    if not user:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND, detail="User not found"
+        )
+    
+    return user
+
+
+def get_current_active_user(
+    current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user),
+) -> User:
+    """
+    Check if the current user is active.
+    """
+    if not current_user.is_active:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST, detail="Inactive user"
+        )
+    
+    return current_user

app/db/session.py

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
+from pathlib import Path
+
+# Create the directory for the database if it doesn't exist
+DB_DIR = Path("/app") / "storage" / "db"
+DB_DIR.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL = f"sqlite:///{DB_DIR}/db.sqlite"
+
+engine = create_engine(
+    SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL,
+    connect_args={"check_same_thread": False}
+)
+SessionLocal = sessionmaker(autocommit=False, autoflush=False, bind=engine)
+
+Base = declarative_base()

app/models/comment.py

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from datetime import datetime
+from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, Text, DateTime, ForeignKey
+from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
+
+from app.db.session import Base
+
+
+class Comment(Base):
+    __tablename__ = "comments"
+
+    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, index=True)
+    content = Column(Text, nullable=False)
+    author_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), nullable=False)
+    post_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("posts.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), nullable=False)
+    created_at = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.utcnow)
+    updated_at = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.utcnow, onupdate=datetime.utcnow)
+    
+    # Relationships
+    author = relationship("User", back_populates="comments")
+    post = relationship("Post", back_populates="comments")

app/models/post.py

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from datetime import datetime
+from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Text, DateTime, ForeignKey, Boolean
+from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
+
+from app.db.session import Base
+from app.models.tag import post_tag
+
+
+class Post(Base):
+    __tablename__ = "posts"
+
+    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, index=True)
+    title = Column(String(255), nullable=False)
+    content = Column(Text, nullable=False)
+    published = Column(Boolean, default=True)
+    author_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), nullable=False)
+    created_at = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.utcnow)
+    updated_at = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.utcnow, onupdate=datetime.utcnow)
+    
+    # Relationships
+    author = relationship("User", back_populates="posts")
+    comments = relationship("Comment", back_populates="post", cascade="all, delete-orphan")
+    tags = relationship("Tag", secondary=post_tag, back_populates="posts")

app/models/tag.py

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Table, ForeignKey
+from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
+
+from app.db.session import Base
+
+# Association table for the many-to-many relationship between posts and tags
+post_tag = Table(
+    "post_tag",
+    Base.metadata,
+    Column("post_id", Integer, ForeignKey("posts.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), primary_key=True),
+    Column("tag_id", Integer, ForeignKey("tags.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), primary_key=True),
+)
+
+
+class Tag(Base):
+    __tablename__ = "tags"
+
+    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, index=True)
+    name = Column(String(50), unique=True, index=True, nullable=False)
+    
+    # Relationships
+    posts = relationship("Post", secondary=post_tag, back_populates="tags")

app/models/user.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from datetime import datetime
+from sqlalchemy import Boolean, Column, Integer, String, DateTime
+from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
+
+from app.db.session import Base
+
+
+class User(Base):
+    __tablename__ = "users"
+
+    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, index=True)
+    email = Column(String, unique=True, index=True, nullable=False)
+    username = Column(String, unique=True, index=True, nullable=False)
+    hashed_password = Column(String, nullable=False)
+    is_active = Column(Boolean, default=True)
+    created_at = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.utcnow)
+    updated_at = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.utcnow, onupdate=datetime.utcnow)
+    
+    # Relationships
+    posts = relationship("Post", back_populates="author", cascade="all, delete-orphan")
+    comments = relationship("Comment", back_populates="author", cascade="all, delete-orphan")

app/schemas/comment.py

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+from datetime import datetime
+from typing import Optional
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+from app.schemas.user import User
+
+
+# Shared properties
+class CommentBase(BaseModel):
+    content: Optional[str] = None
+
+
+# Properties to receive via API on creation
+class CommentCreate(CommentBase):
+    content: str
+    post_id: int
+
+
+# Properties to receive via API on update
+class CommentUpdate(CommentBase):
+    pass
+
+
+# Properties shared by models stored in DB
+class CommentInDBBase(CommentBase):
+    id: int
+    content: str
+    author_id: int
+    post_id: int
+    created_at: datetime
+    updated_at: datetime
+
+    class Config:
+        from_attributes = True
+
+
+# Properties to return to client
+class Comment(CommentInDBBase):
+    author: User
+
+
+# Properties stored in DB
+class CommentInDB(CommentInDBBase):
+    pass

app/schemas/post.py

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+from datetime import datetime
+from typing import Optional, List
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+from app.schemas.user import User
+from app.schemas.tag import Tag
+
+
+# Shared properties
+class PostBase(BaseModel):
+    title: Optional[str] = None
+    content: Optional[str] = None
+    published: Optional[bool] = True
+
+
+# Properties to receive via API on creation
+class PostCreate(PostBase):
+    title: str
+    content: str
+    tag_ids: Optional[List[int]] = []
+
+
+# Properties to receive via API on update
+class PostUpdate(PostBase):
+    tag_ids: Optional[List[int]] = None
+
+
+# Properties shared by models stored in DB
+class PostInDBBase(PostBase):
+    id: int
+    title: str
+    content: str
+    author_id: int
+    created_at: datetime
+    updated_at: datetime
+
+    class Config:
+        from_attributes = True
+
+
+# Properties to return to client
+class Post(PostInDBBase):
+    author: User
+    tags: List[Tag] = []
+
+
+# Properties stored in DB
+class PostInDB(PostInDBBase):
+    pass

app/schemas/tag.py

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+from typing import Optional
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+
+# Shared properties
+class TagBase(BaseModel):
+    name: Optional[str] = None
+
+
+# Properties to receive via API on creation
+class TagCreate(TagBase):
+    name: str
+
+
+# Properties to receive via API on update
+class TagUpdate(TagBase):
+    pass
+
+
+# Properties shared by models stored in DB
+class TagInDBBase(TagBase):
+    id: int
+    name: str
+
+    class Config:
+        from_attributes = True
+
+
+# Properties to return to client
+class Tag(TagInDBBase):
+    pass
+
+
+# Properties stored in DB
+class TagInDB(TagInDBBase):
+    pass

app/schemas/token.py

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+from typing import Optional
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+
+class Token(BaseModel):
+    access_token: str
+    token_type: str
+
+
+class TokenPayload(BaseModel):
+    sub: Optional[int] = None

app/schemas/user.py

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+from datetime import datetime
+from typing import Optional
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr
+
+
+# Shared properties
+class UserBase(BaseModel):
+    email: Optional[EmailStr] = None
+    username: Optional[str] = None
+    is_active: Optional[bool] = True
+
+
+# Properties to receive via API on creation
+class UserCreate(UserBase):
+    email: EmailStr
+    username: str
+    password: str
+
+
+# Properties to receive via API on update
+class UserUpdate(UserBase):
+    password: Optional[str] = None
+
+
+# Properties shared by models stored in DB
+class UserInDBBase(UserBase):
+    id: int
+    email: EmailStr
+    username: str
+    created_at: datetime
+    updated_at: datetime
+
+    class Config:
+        from_attributes = True
+
+
+# Properties to return to client
+class User(UserInDBBase):
+    pass
+
+
+# Properties stored in DB
+class UserInDB(UserInDBBase):
+    hashed_password: str

app/utils/errors.py

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+from fastapi import HTTPException, status
+
+
+class BlogAPIError(HTTPException):
+    """Base class for all API errors."""
+    
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        status_code: int,
+        detail: str,
+        headers: dict = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(status_code=status_code, detail=detail, headers=headers)
+
+
+class NotFoundError(BlogAPIError):
+    """Raised when a resource is not found."""
+    
+    def __init__(self, detail: str = "Resource not found"):
+        super().__init__(status_code=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND, detail=detail)
+
+
+class ForbiddenError(BlogAPIError):
+    """Raised when a user is not allowed to access a resource."""
+    
+    def __init__(self, detail: str = "You don't have permission to access this resource"):
+        super().__init__(status_code=status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, detail=detail)
+
+
+class UnauthorizedError(BlogAPIError):
+    """Raised when a user is not authenticated."""
+    
+    def __init__(self, detail: str = "Not authenticated"):
+        super().__init__(status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED, detail=detail)
+
+
+class BadRequestError(BlogAPIError):
+    """Raised when a request is malformed or invalid."""
+    
+    def __init__(self, detail: str = "Bad request"):
+        super().__init__(status_code=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST, detail=detail)
+
+
+class ConflictError(BlogAPIError):
+    """Raised when a resource already exists."""
+    
+    def __init__(self, detail: str = "Resource already exists"):
+        super().__init__(status_code=status.HTTP_409_CONFLICT, detail=detail)
+
+
+class ValidationError(BlogAPIError):
+    """Raised when validation fails."""
+    
+    def __init__(self, detail: str = "Validation error"):
+        super().__init__(status_code=status.HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY, detail=detail)

main.py

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+import uvicorn
+from fastapi import FastAPI, Request
+from fastapi.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware
+from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
+from fastapi.exceptions import RequestValidationError
+from sqlalchemy.exc import SQLAlchemyError
+
+from app.api.v1.api import api_router
+from app.core.config import settings
+from app.utils.errors import BlogAPIError
+
+app = FastAPI(
+    title=settings.PROJECT_NAME,
+    description="Blogging Platform API",
+    version="0.1.0",
+    openapi_url="/openapi.json",
+    docs_url="/docs",
+    redoc_url="/redoc",
+)
+
+
+# Exception handlers
+@app.exception_handler(BlogAPIError)
+async def blog_api_exception_handler(request: Request, exc: BlogAPIError):
+    return JSONResponse(
+        status_code=exc.status_code,
+        content={"detail": exc.detail},
+    )
+
+
+@app.exception_handler(RequestValidationError)
+async def validation_exception_handler(request: Request, exc: RequestValidationError):
+    return JSONResponse(
+        status_code=422,
+        content={"detail": "Validation error", "errors": exc.errors()},
+    )
+
+
+@app.exception_handler(SQLAlchemyError)
+async def sqlalchemy_exception_handler(request: Request, exc: SQLAlchemyError):
+    return JSONResponse(
+        status_code=500,
+        content={"detail": "Database error", "error": str(exc)},
+    )
+
+# Set up CORS
+app.add_middleware(
+    CORSMiddleware,
+    allow_origins=["*"],
+    allow_credentials=True,
+    allow_methods=["*"],
+    allow_headers=["*"],
+)
+
+# Include routers
+app.include_router(api_router, prefix=settings.API_V1_STR)
+
+# Health check endpoint
+@app.get("/health", tags=["health"])
+async def health_check():
+    return {"status": "healthy"}
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    uvicorn.run("main:app", host="0.0.0.0", port=8000, reload=True)

migrations/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Init file for alembic

migrations/env.py

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+from logging.config import fileConfig
+
+from sqlalchemy import engine_from_config
+from sqlalchemy import pool
+
+from alembic import context
+from app.db.base import Base
+
+# this is the Alembic Config object, which provides
+# access to the values within the .ini file in use.
+config = context.config
+
+# Interpret the config file for Python logging.
+# This line sets up loggers basically.
+fileConfig(config.config_file_name)
+
+# add your model's MetaData object here
+# for 'autogenerate' support
+target_metadata = Base.metadata
+
+# other values from the config, defined by the needs of env.py,
+# can be acquired:
+# my_important_option = config.get_main_option("my_important_option")
+# ... etc.
+
+
+def run_migrations_offline():
+    """Run migrations in 'offline' mode.
+
+    This configures the context with just a URL
+    and not an Engine, though an Engine is acceptable
+    here as well.  By skipping the Engine creation
+    we don't even need a DBAPI to be available.
+
+    Calls to context.execute() here emit the given string to the
+    script output.
+
+    """
+    url = config.get_main_option("sqlalchemy.url")
+    context.configure(
+        url=url,
+        target_metadata=target_metadata,
+        literal_binds=True,
+        dialect_opts={"paramstyle": "named"},
+    )
+
+    with context.begin_transaction():
+        context.run_migrations()
+
+
+def run_migrations_online():
+    """Run migrations in 'online' mode.
+
+    In this scenario we need to create an Engine
+    and associate a connection with the context.
+
+    """
+    connectable = engine_from_config(
+        config.get_section(config.config_ini_section),
+        prefix="sqlalchemy.",
+        poolclass=pool.NullPool,
+    )
+
+    with connectable.connect() as connection:
+        is_sqlite = connection.dialect.name == 'sqlite'
+        context.configure(
+            connection=connection,
+            target_metadata=target_metadata,
+            render_as_batch=is_sqlite,  # Key configuration for SQLite
+            compare_type=True,
+        )
+
+        with context.begin_transaction():
+            context.run_migrations()
+
+
+if context.is_offline_mode():
+    run_migrations_offline()
+else:
+    run_migrations_online()

migrations/script.py.mako

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+"""${message}
+
+Revision ID: ${up_revision}
+Revises: ${down_revision | comma,n}
+Create Date: ${create_date}
+
+"""
+from alembic import op
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+${imports if imports else ""}
+
+# revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
+revision = ${repr(up_revision)}
+down_revision = ${repr(down_revision)}
+branch_labels = ${repr(branch_labels)}
+depends_on = ${repr(depends_on)}
+
+
+def upgrade():
+    ${upgrades if upgrades else "pass"}
+
+
+def downgrade():
+    ${downgrades if downgrades else "pass"}

migrations/versions/0001_initial_migration.py

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+"""Initial migration
+
+Revision ID: 0001
+Revises: 
+Create Date: 2023-11-01
+
+"""
+from alembic import op
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+
+
+# revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
+revision = '0001'
+down_revision = None
+branch_labels = None
+depends_on = None
+
+
+def upgrade():
+    # Create users table
+    op.create_table(
+        'users',
+        sa.Column('id', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column('email', sa.String(), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column('username', sa.String(), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column('hashed_password', sa.String(), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column('is_active', sa.Boolean(), nullable=True),
+        sa.Column('created_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=True),
+        sa.Column('updated_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=True),
+        sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id'),
+    )
+    op.create_index(op.f('ix_users_email'), 'users', ['email'], unique=True)
+    op.create_index(op.f('ix_users_id'), 'users', ['id'], unique=False)
+    op.create_index(op.f('ix_users_username'), 'users', ['username'], unique=True)
+
+    # Create posts table
+    op.create_table(
+        'posts',
+        sa.Column('id', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column('title', sa.String(length=255), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column('content', sa.Text(), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column('published', sa.Boolean(), nullable=True),
+        sa.Column('author_id', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column('created_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=True),
+        sa.Column('updated_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=True),
+        sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(['author_id'], ['users.id'], ondelete='CASCADE'),
+        sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id'),
+    )
+    op.create_index(op.f('ix_posts_id'), 'posts', ['id'], unique=False)
+
+    # Create tags table
+    op.create_table(
+        'tags',
+        sa.Column('id', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column('name', sa.String(length=50), nullable=False),
+        sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id'),
+    )
+    op.create_index(op.f('ix_tags_id'), 'tags', ['id'], unique=False)
+    op.create_index(op.f('ix_tags_name'), 'tags', ['name'], unique=True)
+
+    # Create comments table
+    op.create_table(
+        'comments',
+        sa.Column('id', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column('content', sa.Text(), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column('author_id', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column('post_id', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column('created_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=True),
+        sa.Column('updated_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=True),
+        sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(['author_id'], ['users.id'], ondelete='CASCADE'),
+        sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(['post_id'], ['posts.id'], ondelete='CASCADE'),
+        sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id'),
+    )
+    op.create_index(op.f('ix_comments_id'), 'comments', ['id'], unique=False)
+
+    # Create post_tag association table
+    op.create_table(
+        'post_tag',
+        sa.Column('post_id', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column('tag_id', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
+        sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(['post_id'], ['posts.id'], ondelete='CASCADE'),
+        sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(['tag_id'], ['tags.id'], ondelete='CASCADE'),
+        sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('post_id', 'tag_id'),
+    )
+
+
+def downgrade():
+    op.drop_table('post_tag')
+    op.drop_index(op.f('ix_comments_id'), table_name='comments')
+    op.drop_table('comments')
+    op.drop_index(op.f('ix_tags_name'), table_name='tags')
+    op.drop_index(op.f('ix_tags_id'), table_name='tags')
+    op.drop_table('tags')
+    op.drop_index(op.f('ix_posts_id'), table_name='posts')
+    op.drop_table('posts')
+    op.drop_index(op.f('ix_users_username'), table_name='users')
+    op.drop_index(op.f('ix_users_id'), table_name='users')
+    op.drop_index(op.f('ix_users_email'), table_name='users')
+    op.drop_table('users')

migrations/versions/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Init file for alembic versions

requirements.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+fastapi>=0.104.0
+uvicorn>=0.23.2
+sqlalchemy>=2.0.23
+alembic>=1.12.1
+pydantic>=2.4.2
+pydantic-settings>=2.0.3
+python-jose[cryptography]>=3.3.0
+passlib[bcrypt]>=1.7.4
+python-multipart>=0.0.6
+email-validator>=2.1.0
+ruff>=0.1.3